Cholesterol & Blocked Arteries – Causes and Treatments |
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Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), develops when the major blood vessels that supply the heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients become damaged or diseased.
The condition is usually caused by cholesterol-containing deposits called plaque. It is a waxy substance with a combination of cholesterol, fat and other substances which stick to the walls lining the blood vessels.
Overtime they make arteries become harder and narrower and may cause a condition called atherosclerosis.
Plaque buildup narrows coronary arteries, thereby decreasing the blood flow to the heart which eventually causes chest pain, shortness of breath or other signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease.
Uncontrolled coronary artery disease or a complete blockage of arteries can cause a heart attack.
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Coronary artery disease progresses over the years and it may remain unnoticed until the plaque buildup results in a blocked artery in heart leading to a heart attack.
Regular health checkups can help in identifying the condition early and following a healthy lifestyle can help prevent the condition.
Once the coronary arteries become narrow due to plaque buildup, the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart is disrupted. The demand increases during periods where the heart is beating hard, such is during exercise, climbing stairs or any other strenuous activity.
Blocked artery symptoms will not be evident in the initial years but as plaque continues to build up in the arteries, patients may develop certain signs and symptoms including the following:
Chest pain (angina)
Shortness of breath
Heart attack
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes or insulin resistance
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
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Risk factors
Family history
Age
Smoking
Blood Pressure
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Causes
Many factors determine whether your cholesterol is high or low, including:
age (cholesterol levels increase with age)
alcohol consumption
cigarette smoking
diet
gender (men have higher cholesterol)
genetics
level of physical activity
weight
Ethnicity (South Asian and Indigenous individuals are more likely to have high cholesterol)
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High cholesterol symptoms There are no symptoms for high cholesterol so many people are unaware they have it. The only way to find out is to have a blood test.
What causes high cholesterol?We don’t always know what causes high cholesterol. For some people, their liver makes too much cholesterol. This condition often runs in families, which means that a close blood relative (such as a parent) may have it as well. For those people, no matter how much they modify their diet, they may still have high cholesterol.
Cholesterol & Blocked Arteries – Causes and Treatments |
Types of cholesterol – ‘good’ and ‘bad’There is only one type of cholesterol, but it is carried around the body by different ‘carriers’ (lipoproteins) that have different tasks. There are two types of carriers: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein).
LDL-cholesterol
Known as ‘bad’ cholesterol The role of LDL in the body is to transport cholesterol to all organs for use in building cells
LDL is like a large ‘dump truck’, and dumps cholesterol in the artery walls.
HDL-cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is like a ‘pick up’ truck that picks up and transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, which gets rid of it
The role of HDL in the body is to carry extra cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver
Known as ‘good’ cholesterol.
Triglycerides are the most common form of fat in your body. The role of triglycerides is to store and transport fat in the blood. Extra energy from food and alcohol that your body does not need is changed to triglycerides. High triglycerides increase your risk of heart attack and stroke.
Total cholesterol is a rough measure of all the cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood.
The total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio is the ratio of your total cholesterol to your HDL cholesterol. This ratio is used to measure your risk of heart attack and stroke.
Treatment and Prevention Lowering cholesterol levels with treatment reduces the risk of developing coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, and other disorders.
A healthy lifestyle is the best defense against high cholesterol. This also helps against other risk factors that increase your risk of heart and blood vessel disease. The following lifestyle changes are an important part of overall treatment in managing high cholesterol:
follow a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol eat a wide variety of vegetables, whole grains, fruits, nuts, and seeds
Adopt a healthy dietary pattern (e.g. Mediterranean diet, Portfolio diet, or DASH diet)
boost your level of physical activity (at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity)
maintain a healthy body weight limit your alcohol consumption to:
no more than 2 drinks per day (or no more than 3 drinks on special occasions) to a maximum of 10 drinks per week for women
no more than 3 drinks per day (or no more than 4 drinks on special occasions) to a maximum of 15 drinks per week for men
If you quit smoking and keep your blood pressure down, it will help lower your risk of developing angina, heart attack, and stroke.
For people who are at high risk for heart and blood vessel disease, drug therapy is started immediately along with lifestyle changes. For those at moderate or low risk, lifestyle changes may be started first. Medication may be added if the cholesterol targets are not reached within a few months or if there are additional risk factors.
Medications used to treat high cholesterol include the “statins” (e.g., atorvastatin*, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin), resins (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam), fibrates (e.g., fenofibrate, gemfibrozil), cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., ezetimibe), PCSK9 inhibitors (e.g., alirocumab, evolocumab) and niacin. Medications have been shown to lower the chance of further clogging of the arteries and treat cholesterol problems by lowering levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and raising the levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. These medications must be used in addition to, not as a substitute for, healthy lifestyle changes.
Some people think that it’s too late to change your habits if you’ve already had a heart attack or stroke, but this is not true. It’s vital to reduce your cholesterol to help prevent it from happening again. Some patients with heart and blood vessel disease are now treated with a “statin” even if their cholesterol level is normal. Your body is constantly producing cholesterol, so you must take your medication and follow lifestyle changes as recommended by your doctor to prevent cholesterol levels from rising.
Cholesterol & Blocked Arteries – Causes and Treatments |
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